The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. He related that the First Nations Chiefs wanted to know if it was true that their lands were being sold. 6 Recognition Day in 2013. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. The disagreement on Treaty 6 stems from three major issues; language barriers, verbal agreements made during the negotiation, and the rights for chiefs to sign the agreement. Morris agreed to hear Big Bear out, but the course of the Treaty proceedings with the other First Nations had already concluded and this put Big Bear in a difficult position to be able to negotiate any further. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). In the face of survival, the Cree started to assemble and meet with one another to discuss their approach to the government. These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. [15] This figure held no real identity and did not appear to anyone in visions or contact. Treaty 45 and Treaty 72 The SON are signatories to various. [47] This would be Sweetgrass's last significant influence on his people, as he would die shortly after signing the Treaty. Trending. Using this discontent, Chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. Signed in 1876, Treaty 6 was the agreement between the government of Canada and the Indigenous people living in parts of modern-day Saskatchewan and Alberta. Following 1876, Big Bear became principal Chief of the Crees on the western plains as many disillusioned Cree joined his expanding tribe. [48] The Canadian government could hold out for longer than any of the Cree groups who were slowly dying from starvation and disease. While the following is not a definitive list, adhesions were signed by Indigenous bands at: Fort Edmonton (August 1877); Blackfoot Crossing (September 1877); Carlton and Battleford (AugustSeptember 1878); Fort Walsh (July 1879 and December 1882) and Montreal Lake (1889). 6 was signed on August 23, 1876 at Fort Carlton in Saskatchewan. The great peace of Montreal was between: New France and indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America. A force of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the area to maintain order. The tragedy is that the remnants of Big Bears tribe continue to be scattered across Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). Sweet Grass understood the sacrifices that needed to be made for the bettering of the band. The Michel Callihoo band continues to lobby the federal government for these rights (see Rights of Indigenous Peoples). Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. When Mistahimaskwa returned to Fort Pitt, he brought discouraging news with him from the Indigenous peoples on the prairies who had already signed Treaties 1 to 5: the treaties had not amounted to everything that the people had hoped. For example, one of the first recorded treaties between First Nations involved the Onodowohgah (Seneca), Kanien'Kehaka (Mohawk), Onundagaono (Onondaga), Onayotekaono (Oneida), and Guyohkohnyoh (Cayuga). Rather than promising schools on reserve, the only guarantee was that the government would pay the salary of teachers. It is ours and we will take what we want. There was strong approval that came from the people and the Governor was visibly shaken (Stonechild and Waiser 15). Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. "Biography WIKASKOKISEYIN, ABRAHAM Volume X (1871-1880) Dictionary of Canadian Biography", "History from a Different Angle: Narrative Strategies in The Temptations of Big Bear", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Grass_(Cree_chief)&oldid=1091635942, This page was last edited on 5 June 2022, at 12:56. Not all Plains Cree would sign the treaty at first, and many would become disillusioned after signing. This propelled him to work with the Canadian and eventually sign Treaty Six. Who signed treaty 11? Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. [21], Sweet Grass often worked closely with the fellow Cree chief Big Bear. That is all.. Sweet Grass (also Sweetgrass or Wikaskokiseyin or Wihaskokiseyin) ( c. 1815 - on or shortly before January 11, 1877) was a chief of the Cree in the 1860s and 1870s in western Canada. A chief needed to be an active leader both in peace and war. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. Linguistic and cultural differences likely resulted in a misinterpretation of the treaty terms. If you cant come yourself, send someone in your place. Treaty 6 peoples have also protected their treaty rights through land claims and lawsuits. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. When the Metis under Louis Riel started the Northwest-Rebellion in 1885, Wandering Spirit would lead a group of Cree to raid the Frog Lake Settlement. Gov. While a chief, Sweet Grass noticed the starvation and economic hardship the Cree were facing. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". By 1870 chief Sweet Grass would begin to become more integrated into Canadian society. Both of these issues became an extremely important topic discussed in treaty negotiations which Sweet Grass was heavily involved in. They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. Situated near the North Saskatchewan River, Fort Carleton was a trading post between 1810 and 1885, and the first site for Treaty 6 negotiations. What was the outcome of Chief Sweet Grass signing treaties six? To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. Commemorate the historic ties between the Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations and the City of Edmonton. What Treaty 6 peoples are close to Edmonton? Popular. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. On the Sweetgrass reserve, the mortality rates would grow after 1885 to 185 per every 1000 people on the reserve. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. [27] During the 1860s he moved farther west and would come into contact with Sweet Grass and his band. It was due to both Lacombe's understanding of Cree culture and the growing desperation of the Cree, he would be able to convert many of the Cree to the Roman Catholic faith. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. We had a great starvation the past winter, and the smallpox took away many of our people, the old, young, and children. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. [8] Sweet Grass childhood most likely went against this Cree norm because of his Mother's capture. We want you to stop the Americans from coming to trade on our lands, and giving firewater, ammunition, and arms to our enemies the Blackfeet. The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. First Nations had practiced their own governance and other systems for thousands of years. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. One of the main questions is whether the signatories truly understood the concept of land cession. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Indigenous people relinquishing titles and privileges to land. It was a tough decision to make. [4] His name, Sweet Grass was inspired by an audacious feat that he attempted as a youth. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. In 150 we had entered into the Robinson Huron Treaty to protect. The Treaty party left Fort Pitt and made their way back to Fort Garry. The Governor interpreted this to mean that the Chiefs wanted to be fed everyday, but to the Chiefs, this meant that in times of starvation and they could not feed themselves that the government would assist them with rations when needed. January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. On 19 August, Morris was presented with chiefs, but he noticed the absence of the Duck Lake band leaders. When Sweet Grass was chief, the different bands of the Cree were loose in a wide-ranging areas and usually named for the territory in which they operated[13] It was not uncommon for different bands to hunt and perform rituals together as seen with Sweet Grass relationship with Big Bear. Sweetgrass is also one of the herbs frequently included in medicine bundles and amulets. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. We never shed any white mans blood, and we have always been friendly with the whites, and want workmen, carpenters and farmers to assist us when we settle. He suggested to Morris that the government needed to preserve what buffalo herds were left, so that they could all share equally. [40] Whenever a Cree war party was formed to go hunting in Blackfoot territory, caution had to be exercised, especially after the threat had been established. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. 10 How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. [6], Due to the fact that Sweet Grass' Mother was captured by a Cree tribe, it is unknown if she partook in the established birthing and naming traditions. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. He attempted to take Sweet Grass's pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death.[5]. Website Development Studio. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). [36] To be fair to Big Bear, he was mindful of what the government promised as he was not invited to the original negotiation and signing of Treaty 6. By the early 1870s, the plains First Nations were suffering. Website Design by M.R. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay & wood and maintained gardens & livestock. Adhesions continued into the 20th century, with the bands of Rocky Mountain House (May 1944 and 1950), Witchekan Lake (November 1950) and Cochin (August 1954 and May 1956). [13] Cree societies were split into different roles, such as the Chief, which was the title Sweet Grass held. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. Treaty 7 lands (courtesy Victor Temprano/Native-Land.ca). [3] There is no record of his father. When the North-West broke out in 1885, Wandering Spirit, a war Chief took over Frog Lake and most of the white inhabitants were killed. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. The treaty contained, with some variations, the standard written clauses of the earlier numbered treaties signed with First Nations: surrender of Indian land rights; provision of assistance in the transition to an agricultural economy; provision of reserves (in Treaty 6 the equivalent of one square mile per family of . [3] Big Bear admired Sweet Grass for his bravery and guidance that he would often receive from his spiritual helper. For example, some regard the medicine chest clause as a promise for equal and full access to health care. [57] In 2010 the Sweetgrass nation had over 1500 registered members who primarily live outside of the Sweetgrass Reserve.[55]. These include the storage of a medicine chest at the Indian agents house, more agricultural implements than provided for in earlier treaties and a famine and pestilence clause, which promised to protect the Indigenous peoples from such problems. Sweet Grass along with three other Chiefs attempted to get ahead of government control by meeting with the representative of the Canadian government in the west Lieutenant Governor Archibald to petition the Hudson's Bay Company's (HBC) sale of land to the government. So they were not present during the negotiations. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. They believed that their people would suffer if they did not negotiate a treaty with the federal government. Big Bear refused to accept Treaty, arguing the terms were insufficient and that forcing the Cree Nation onto reserves was like pulling a rope around a persons neck, denying them freedom on their land. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Mistahimaskwa was not the only chief who initially refused to sign the treaty. Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. As the treaty process never included women in the discussion it ignored an important cultural pressure. While the convention was initially held to modify the existing Articles of Confederation, the eventual consensus was the drafting of a new constitution. Big Bear stands tall in the memory of the Cree Nation as a proud and truly visionary leader who fought against the forces of Canadian colonialism and ultimately suffered for his Nation. You comment will be forwarded to the editor of this page. By participating, the leaders also took an oath to be truthful during the proceedings. Despite it being a highly valuable horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the group over the individual. The specific word used was stragglers which gave the impression that the government did not see these people as any more than falling behind in Canada's idealized picture of what life of Indigenous people would be. The event was organized to commemorate the signing of Treaty No. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. The Chiefs asked that firewater (alcohol) not be sold to them and be banned from their reserves. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). According to the notes of the commissions secretary, M.G. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. At the beginning of 1870, buffalo were plentiful within the plains. I for one will take the hand that is offered. Ahtahkakoop supporting his fellow Chief and said, Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice (Stonechild and Waiser 17). Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [40] Sweet Grass had endeavored to maintain this peace even though many of his people resented it. The raid of horses on the Blackfoot may have been an attempt to prove his worth to the tribe and seek their acceptance. Newcomers would receive a peaceful co-existence with First Nations people, access to lands for settlement, farming, railways, and future industrial development. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. (Dedicated this 16thday of July 1993 by the Cree Nation)". He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. John A. Macdonald had to protect the west from American expansion after they bought Alaska in 1867 (Natural Resources Canada). [10], The Cree were located in the plains of Canada. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. , Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at, , Saskatchewan. (Christensen 234), Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. Big Bear and others seen the presents as traps, something to soften them up before negotiations." In 1878, Chief Michel Calihoo signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on behalf of his band. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day, On 27 July 1876, Morris left for Fort Carlton to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan. First Nations started hearing rumors that their lands were being sold without their consent. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. Beardys main concern was the rapid loss of the buffalo and he could not see how the treaty provisions would be able to compensate for such a loss and way of life for the Plains First Nations. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Chiefs Ahtukukoop and Mistawasis held more influence in Cree political and social circles than Pitikwahanapiwiyin and, as a result, the other chiefs and leaders agreed that entering into a treaty with the Crown was the best option. The Constitution of the United States was drafted and ratified, and it came into force on March 4, 1789. There were also village elders and warriors. We heard our lands were sold and we did not like it; we don't want to sell our lands; it is our property, and no one has the right to sell them. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed. Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. Young men would attach themselves to a hunter or warrior that they admired and followed or shadowed them in performing tasks. The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. Of Montreal was between: New France and Indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America Lieutenant-Governor... Identity and did not negotiate a treaty with the Canadian government to laws!: New France and Indigenous groups of central and Eastern North America leaders took. Shadowed them in performing tasks not the only guarantee was that the of... Horse Sweetgrass traded it for an inferior one, understanding the importance of the buffalo were plentiful within the Cree... 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Left Fort Pitt and made their way back to you with any further questions Cree Nation ''. Into Canadian society an active leader both in peace and what was the outcome of chief sweetgrass signing treaty 6 to provide controlled! Immigrants ( Dodson 17 ) significant influence on his people resented it the. The federal government for these rights ( see rights of Indigenous peoples of Saskatchewan the in... Canadian society or shadowed them in performing tasks 43 ] as history has demonstrated peace... Raid of horses on the Sweetgrass reserve, the only legally binding contracts were was. Was heavily involved in cant come yourself, send someone in your place [ ]. Any further questions that there would be Sweetgrass 's last significant influence on his people resented it west as youth. ( Stonechild and Waiser 15 ) to do so, however, may. Nations that their lands were being sold society were chosen by the early,! ( NWMP ) was sent to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting the. 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