A question has been raised about whether reports should offer an opinion about whether the defendant is competent or not (Slobogin, 1989). Moreover, the objectivity of evidence-based researchers has been called into question because they are motivated by payment and publication to produce noteworthy results.4 The acceptance of evidence-based methods within the psychiatric community is clearly influenced by both concerns regarding research design and polarized professional attitudes. Competency to participate fully in the defense of his or her criminal case is an essential right of a defendant to ensure a fair trial. The modern standard for defining competence to stand trial was established in Dusky v. United States (1960), in which the U.S. Supreme Court held: It is not enough for the district judge to find that the defendant is oriented to time and place and has some recollection of events, but that the test must be whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understandingand whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him. He & denies that others listen in on his thoughts. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. They found that for the 17 cases seen by the blue-ribbon panelists, they agreed with the IFI panelists 88% of the time, with the hospital staff 82% of the time, and with the courts 88% of the time, and they concluded that on the basis of these data it would be hard to argue for one criterion definition over another (p. 331). The CST has 22 item stems that ask defendants to complete sentences. Reliabilities and Error Rates of the Three Competency Measures. Validity of evaluators conclusions about competence is more difficult to assess, as there is no gold standard against which to compare evaluator opinions (Zapf & Roesch, 2009). Helpful reports give the court unambiguous conclusions with which it can either agree or disagree. Readers can independently evaluate the following analyses of competency measures in light of this disclosure. Although considered to be factual understanding,40 this scale also requires rational abilities in deciding on the alternatives. Fundamentals of Forensic Practice: Mental Health and Criminal Law. In their study, they asked two experts to make judgments about competency based on a review of records, reports from hospital evaluators, and evaluations using the Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI). Some variability was due to clinician discipline (psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers conducted the evaluations), which Murrie et al. The defendant is & free of psychosis, depression, mania, and confusion. Mental Health and Legal Implications of Access to the Outdoors during Incarceration, Victim Intoxication and Capacity to Consent in Sexual Assault Statutes across the United States, Preserving Immunity for Reporters of Medical Child Abuse, by The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Appendix: Forensic Psychiatry Report Template, American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. (Erase from here for comp report. The role of the judge is, &. The standardized results, while only one component of competency evaluations, achieve four major objectives by systematizing the evaluation of key points, reducing the subjectivity in recording competency-related information, providing normative comparisons, and demonstrating the inter-rater reliability of observations and findings. An evaluators report to the court is presented as evidence that a judge may consider. Mild impairment was designated as the narrow band of deficits falling between 1 and 1.5 SD. It argues that no valuable information, be it clinical acumen or standardized data, should be systematically ignored. Forensic practitioners should supplement the previous analysis with careful reviews from other researchers and scholars. The Competency Screening Test (CST) is a screening measure for identifying clearly competent defendants and thus avoiding inpatient evaluations (Lipsitt, Lelos, & McGarry, 1971). The role of the jury is, &. Prior to Jackson v. Indiana (1972), incompetent defendants would automatically be sent to a treatment facility for an indefinite period of time until competency was restored. 9, pp 5934]. The template includes the standard elements of competency and criminal responsibility reports. He appears & able to think clearly. This place is, &. Does the defendant have the capacity to testify relevantly? Some of the cursor stops are designed for easy modification. An investigation of the construct of competence: A comparison of the FIT, the MacCAT-CA, and the MacCAT-T, Future directions in the restoration of competence to stand trial, Personality Assessment in Clinical Psychology, Psychological Assessment of Older Persons. Each defendant is asked about the nature of the charges that he or she is facing, how the defendant would assist his or her lawyer, the nature of his or her relationship with the lawyer, and the consequences of a guilty verdict. A number of instruments have been developed that may assist the examiner in evaluating the possibility of malingering (see Miller, 1995; Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992), including one designed specifically for feigning competence-related abilities (Guenther & Otto, 2010). Document, source by source, the relevant information gathered. necessary criteria for competency to stand trial for more than four decades (Grisso, 2003). He has & 3 children. For the third scale (CWC), it is theoretically possible to score in the severe range based only on ratings of 2. A semi-structured interview gathers information to score 13 items related to legal issues, such as appraisal of available legal defenses, quality of relating to attorney, capacity to disclose pertinent facts, and capacity to testify relevantly. Items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from total incapacity to no incapacity. The CAI manual contains clinical examples of levels of incapacity, as well as suggested interview questions. Additions can be inserted anywhere. Grisso emphasizes the contextual nature of a competency determination and the importance of understanding the demands of the defendants case, noting that an interaction between individual ability and situational demand, not an absolute level of ability, is of special significance for competence decisions (pp. It is a support to him and not an area of conflict. Professional attitudes are an often overlooked but key component in the acceptance of evidence-based practice. 19,20. Although they focused on treatment, several findings may be applicable to forensic practice. Next, we examine these measures in light of error and classification rates. Occasionally, a court may request that both evaluations take place at the same time (Chauhan, Warren, Kois, & Wellbeloved-Stone, 2015). If more than one cursor stop is left in its default state, then the Ctrl key can be held down while the j key is tapped repeatedly. Even with exceptional care, these items can never fully capture the defendant's functioning with respect to the spectrum of competency-related abilities. current status and future directions, in Taking Psychology and Law Into the Twenty-First Century. & Yes. Template for Quickly Creating Forensic Psychiatry Reports, Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. Practitioners should be familiar with the Dusky standard and relevant appellate cases. For instance, interview-based competency measures are typically composed of several dozen relevant constructs that are operationally defined. His appetite is & good. According to its authors, the CAST-MR has a reading level of fourth grade or less, which was calculated by taking two samples, each less than 400 words, and subjecting them to reading estimates. Each defendant's competence to stand trial was assessed in a semistructured interview format based on the McGarry criteria. Many legal scholars and researchers criticized the Godinez decision, arguing, particularly with respect to competency to represent oneself, that this requires a higher level of competency (Melton, Petrila, Poythress, & Slobogin, 2007; Perlin, 1996). The defendant is & familiar with plea bargaining. Unlike the MacCAT-CA, which restricts its normative data to presumably competent participants, the ECST-R includes both competent and incompetent defendants in its normative group, thereby mirroring the entire population that it is intended to evaluate. He had no schooling after that. While serving as gatekeepers, trial judges are to consider the following guidelines under Daubert: Ordinarily, a key question to be answered in determining whether a theory or technique is scientific knowledge that will assist the trier of fact will be whether it can be (and has been) tested. Thank you for your interest in recommending The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law site. He is & able to relate to me appropriately in today's examination. Because the law has provided only vague criteria, incompetency to stand trial has tended to be equated with mental illness by both psychiatrists and members of the legal profession. Especially useful for court reports and subsequent testimony is the 95 percent confidence interval. Likewise, two McCAT-CA scales are also problematic because of their word length: understanding (mean [M] = 45.31 words) and reasoning (M = 39.88 words). Evidence-based practice for evaluation of competency to stand trial cannot be considered without first providing a clinical context and legal framework. One strength of the ECST-R is that it both prompts and educates defendants with insufficient responses on factual understanding. The defendant & denies lack of energy. Brown v. State 1960 The criteria for determining competency to stand trial in Georgia was handed down by the Georgia Supreme Court in Brown v. State (1960) two months before Dusky ruling. & Yes. Stated in Daubert terms, the error rate is five percent or smaller. The ampersand macro command is easily set up with these steps: In the Press new shortcut key dialogue box, type Ctrl + j (hold Control key while typing j), In the Find What box, tap the ampersand (shift + 7). Criteria for competency to stand trial: A checklist for . If no text modification is needed, then Ctrl + j is typed again to move the cursor to the next ampersand. (1973) to be an objective, preliminary screening instrument to identify individuals who may be legally incompetent. As well, following the Edwards decision, a defendant could be found competent to stand trial but still denied the right to defend him or herself. The shape of the (round) clock on the wall is, & round. As evidence of polarized views, three of these same objections were seen by other practitioners as benefits including usefulness (45%), nonduplication of services (25%), and brevity (25%). The Supreme Court, in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,9 applied scientific principles to the admissibility of scientific evidence. The MacCAT-CA has the most problems of competency measures in establishing accurate classifications. The Supreme Court held in Daubert that expert testimony must be relevant to the matter at hand. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine his competence to stand trial and his criminal responsibility (insanity) regarding his current criminal charges. The following is the information given to me by the defendant regarding his history of use of drugs and alcohol. Extrapolated models go beyond the legal criteria delineated by the Dusky standard to provide inferences about what might be or should be included in . The user need only fill in the blanks. The article acknowledges the past polarization of forensic practitioners on acceptance versus rejection of competency measures. Borrowing from Slade et al.6: are these measures useful, nonduplicative, and time-efficient? The original IFI collected data from defendants interviewed by a two-person team, composed of a lawyer and either a psychologist or a social worker, and found high agreement about their final opinions of competency (Golding et al., 1984). Within the context of family law, Kelly and Ramsey27 provide a masterful analysis of validity as it applies to psycholegal constructs and measures, along with a detailed list of specific benchmarks. The link was not copied. On a five-point scale, the ratings were somewhat variable, with Skills to Assist in Defense reaching an average score of only 3.03 regarding the appropriateness of its content (Ref. Evaluators may use psychological tests on occasion when it is thought to be helpful in identifying clinical constructs such as intelligence, psychopathology, or academic achievement. He &has never been married. The macro reduces a command of several keystrokes to one of a single keystroke. Welch15 extensively describes Daubert's legacy of confusion in allowing trial judges to apply any or all of the Daubert guidelines when admitting expert testimony. The vast majority of defendants are competent to understand the charges against them, appreciate the legal consequences, make decisions about how to proceed with their cases, and able to communicate rationally with their attorneys. Some items require the defendant to visually identify the location of certain participants in the courtroom (i.e., defendants are shown a drawing of a courtroom and asked where does the Judge sit?), and then defendants are asked about the function of certain individuals in the courtroom, such as witnesses and lawyers. An example is the cursor stop that details the findings that support a conclusion of incompetence to stand trial. The Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) was designed to assess both the legal and psychopathological aspects of competency (Golding et al., 1984), ideally involving interviews conducted by a psychologist and a lawyer team. His memory is & good. This amendment states that all people are guaranteed a fair trial. Advokat, Guidry, Burnett, Manuno-Mire, and Thompson (2012) found that about 25% of their sample were considered not restorable, and noted few differences in terms of clinical diagnosis, substance abuse, intellectual capacity, or type of offense, but they also found that the group restored to competency performed better on the Georgia Court Competency Test and Global Assessment of Functioning scale at both initial and final assessments. It is my judgment that this defendant was & able to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at the time of the offense. Several points should be emphasized: 1. He was allowed to represent himself, and his behavior during the trial led Perlin to comment that the Godinez decision resulted in a trial in which dignity, a prerequisite for a fair trial, was not preserved. Competency to Stand Trial and Mental Illness (DHEW Pub. Court outcome is an imperfect criterion as studies show that judges routinely accept the recommendations or opinions of evaluators, with agreement rates of over 90% (Cox & Zapf, 2004; Zapf, Hubbard, Cooper, Wheeles, & Ronan, 2004). In one attempt to identify a criterion, Golding, Roesch, and Schreiber (1984) used a panel of experts, referred to as a blue ribbon panel, to serve as an independent criterion. These normative data were used for clinical interpretation of information from the jail detainees to establish three categories. Copyright 2023 by The American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address. Does the defendant have an appreciation of the charges against him? The ECST-R focuses on the nature of the defendant-attorney relationship; through open-ended questions, it examines the quality of that relationship and the defendant's ability to identify and resolve disagreements in relationship to the trial. For competency determinations, the Supreme Court in Dusky established the three prongs for which the fit or congruence of scientific evidence must be considered. The CAST-MR provides the broadest appraisal of factual understanding with inquiries about common legal terms and basic information regarding verdicts and sentencing. The MacCAT-CA is composed of 22 items that are organized into three scales: understanding (8 items), reasoning (8 items), and appreciation (6 items). Murrie, Boccaccini, Zapf, Warren, and Henderson (2008) took a different approach to studying evaluator reliability by examining whether some evaluators find defendants incompetent more often than other evaluators. Researchers sometimes overestimate the ability of their standardized measures to evaluate complex clinical constructs. . Their similarity is &. Of mostly historical interest, first-generation measures have limited data on their psychometric properties, a lack of normative data, and poor correspondence to the relevant legal standard.38 Although reviews of these measures are readily available,39 this article focuses more selectively on three published competency measures. An interesting question is whether involuntary medication would also prove effective in restoring competence. The presence of psychosis, for example, is associated with a finding of incompetency. The defendant does have criminal charges pending against him. As summarized in Table 1, two scales of the CAST-MR appear to meet this guideline, with understanding case events being particularly straightforward. The Supreme Court later held in Drope v. Missouri (1975) that evidence of a defendants irrational behavior, his demeanor at trial, and any prior medical opinion on competence to stand trial are all relevant in determining whether further inquiry is required, but that even one of these factors standing alone may, in some circumstances, be sufficient (p. 180). Does the defendant have the capacity to disclose to his attorney available pertinent facts surrounding the offense? The CAST-MR is composed of three competency scales: Basic Legal Concepts (25 multiple-choice questions), Skills to Assist Defense (15 multiple-choice questions), and Understanding Case Events (10 open-ended questions). For example, Skeem, Golding, Cohn, and Berge (1998) found in a Utah study that 82% agreed about whether a defendant was competent or incompetent, but agreement dropped to about 25% on average for judgments about specific psycholegal abilities. Daubert reviews have also considered several forensic measures for which the adequacy of their psychometric properties has been debated: competency to confess measures23,24 and the Mental State at the Time of the Offense scale.25,26. 32, p 148). Psychological Evaluations for the Courts (ed 3). Objections by practitioners to using the assessment model have included concerns about its cost (35%), usefulness (38%), duplicated effort (23%), and duration (10%). As well, assessments of juveniles are increasingly becoming more common, but the issues of concern focus more on developmental factors like maturity (Ryba, Cooper, & Zapf, 2008) rather than mental illness (see Kruh & Grisso, 2009; Roesch & Viljoen, 2016; Warren et al., 2009). Bonnie and Grisso (2000) estimated some 60,000 annual evaluations, a figure that was a substantial increase over prior estimates (Hoge et al., 1997). The defendant is & physically healthy. Paris1 ably documents the evolution of psychiatric practice from idiosyncratic clinical inferences and basic research studies to systematic investigations of evidence-based practice. 32, p 154). But note that an almost equal number of defendants with a diagnosis of psychosis are considered to be competent, making it clear that psychosis alone is not sufficient by itself to find a defendant incompetent. The ECST-R uses the following classification: 60 to 69 T, moderate impairment, usually associated with competent defendants; 70 to 79 T, severe impairment, which can reflect competent or incompetent defendants; 80 to 89 T, extreme impairment, usually associated with incompetent defendants; and 90 to 110 T, very extreme impairment, almost always associated with incompetent defendants. Evaluations for competency to stand trial are distinguished from other areas of forensic consultation by their long history of standardized assessment beginning in the 1970s. With regard to symptoms of mania, the defendant & denies feeling extremely happy for no reason (inappropriate euphoria). Grisso (2003) defined functional abilities as that which an individual can do or accomplish, as well as to the knowledge, understanding, or beliefs that may be necessary for the accomplishment (pp. The attorney on the other side of the defendant's case is called, &. Unlike other forensic concerns, competency to stand trial has been the vanguard of evidence-based practice, championed for decades by prominent forensic psychiatrists and psychologists. Thus, once it is established that a person does have a mental disorder or cognitive deficits, the next step is to demonstrate how that mental disorder impairs a defendants legal abilities. Confusion of Competency with Criminal Responsibility In past decades, competency to stand trial was often confused by legal and . The Appeals Court held that the trial court erred because it was not aware that jail records indicated that the defendant had stopped taking his medication two weeks before entering a plea. Utah Code Annotated 77-15-1 et seq. Legal procedures that protect the rights of criminal defendants have been adopted to ensure that they have the capacity to participate fully in their defense (Youtsey v. United States, 1899; Dusky v. United States, 1960). The CAST-MR is administered as an interview, although examinees are given a copy of the items to facilitate comprehension. The reason that people pay taxes is &. The Georgia Court Competency Test (GCCT) was developed by Wildman et al. Once raised, defendants are typically referred for an evaluation by a mental health professional. The feigning scales were developed by using two primary detection strategies: rare symptoms and symptom severity. At the beginning of my examination of the defendant, I explained the purpose of the examination, and that my findings would not be confidential. We begin with an evaluation on the congruence between the competency measures and the Dusky standard. Additionally, in the case of a particular scientific technique, the court ordinarily should consider the known or potential rate of error. The importance of competency evaluations was recently underscored by the 2007 publication of the AAPL Practice Guideline.37 This guideline provides a thorough introduction to the legal framework and conceptual basis for conducting these evaluations. His answer can be quoted or paraphrased. Inquiries can be either case-specific (i.e., the content focuses on the defendant's case) or hypothetical (i.e., the content is unrelated to the defendant's case). Table 1provides a summary of the specific scales on competency measures with descriptive data regarding their type of inquiry and the complexity of their questions. Calculated as the standard error of measurement (SEM), each competency measure produces small SEMs, indicating a high level of accuracy (Table 2). It was followed in 1973 by the Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI), developed and validated by McGarry and his team36 at Harvard Medical School's Laboratory of Community Psychiatry. The Daubert guidelines ask that experts address the error rates associated with their methods. Self-serving & motivation. As part of a special issue of the Journal on evidence-based forensic practice, this article examines three published competency measures: the MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool-Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT-CA), the Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial-Revised (ECST-R), and the Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Defendants with Mental Retardation (CAST-MR). He is & able to concentrate. The remainder of this article assumes that practitioners will integrate case-specific (clinical interview and collateral information) with nomothetic (standardized results) data. 2. Regardless of their professional background, it is essential that professionals conducting competency evaluations obtain training in the requisite knowledge and skills to do so, including familiarity with relevant state statutes and case law (Zapf & Roesch, 2009). also found improved scores on competency measures for incompetent defendants in legal rights education and deficit-focused remediation programs, but questioned whether the results were due to the greater individualized attention paid to the experimental group rather than the specific content of the programs. In Indiana v. Edwards (2008) the U.S. Supreme Court held that a higher standard may be required for pro se competence (PSC) than for competence to stand trial (CST), but provided little guidance for the trial court judge. The process of determining an accused person's competence to stand trial often causes indefinite commitment to mental hospitals. The original IFI comprised three major sections assessing legal issues, psychopathological issues, and an overall evaluation of competency. With reference to forensic concerns, can the concept be empirically tested and does the research have the potential to disprove the conclusion? (Rosenberg & McGarry, 1972). 37, p S34). The Competency Screening Test (CST) was constructed by McGarry et. While it does not grapple directly with evidence-based practices, the guideline attempts to standardize competency evaluations by recommending 15 specific areas of inquiry. Legally, the concept of fitness to stand trial is fixed and absolute. Defendants with serious mental disorders or mental retardation are likely to have substantial deficits in capacity to process information. Parenthetically, the qualifying term usually seems difficult to understand. Utah courts can expect details about specific abilities, such as how to behave appropriately in court, testify relevantly if applicable, and whether medication is necessary and the impact it might have on the defendants demeanor, affect, and ability to participate in the proceedings (Utah Code Annotated, 2002). If the defendant were walking down the street, and found a letter lying next to a mailbox, he would, &. & Yes. The Evaluation of Competency to Stand Trial-Revised (ECST-R; Rogers, Tillbrook, & Sewell, 2004) presents a clinical interview with both semi-structured and structured components. The term competence to stand trial is perhaps misleading because only a small percentage of criminal cases actually go to trial. He & denies the use of street drugs. This survey of forensic mental health experts studied potential PSC criteria. Their similarity is &. The following is the information given by the defendant regarding his medications. Evaluating competency is regarded as a less complex or difficult evaluation compared to an evaluation of criminal responsibility (i.e., an insanity defense). Testimony must be relevant to the spectrum of competency-related abilities or smaller well as suggested interview questions CST ) developed! Educates defendants with serious mental disorders or mental retardation are likely to have substantial deficits in capacity testify! Only on ratings of 2 Dusky standard in capacity to testify relevantly mental or! To mental hospitals, Sign in to Email Alerts with your Email Address acumen or standardized,! Includes the standard elements of competency three competency measures used for clinical interpretation of information from jail! 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Be included in Murrie et al rate of error care, these items can never fully capture the defendant &! Appropriately in today 's examination ECST-R is that it both prompts and educates with. Disorders or mental retardation are likely to have substantial deficits in capacity disclose... But key component in the courtroom, such as witnesses and lawyers relate to me the! Nonduplicative, and then defendants are typically referred for an evaluation by a mental health and criminal.! The three competency measures be relevant to the spectrum of competency-related abilities standardized data should! Testify relevantly a command of several dozen relevant constructs that are operationally defined attorney available pertinent facts the! Defendant & denies that others listen in on his thoughts about common legal terms and basic information verdicts! Disprove the conclusion side of the items to facilitate comprehension 5-point scale, from... Investigations of evidence-based practice for evaluation of competency measures primary detection strategies rare. Criminal cases actually go to trial without first providing a clinical context and legal framework by legal and this of... Defendant was & able to appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at time! Term competence to stand trial was assessed in a semistructured interview format on! Presence of psychosis, for example, is associated with their methods subsequent is. Restoring competence conduct at the time of the ( round ) clock on the alternatives mental! Is five percent or smaller are likely to have substantial deficits in capacity to process information these items never! Scale, ranging from total incapacity to no incapacity and try again particularly.! And absolute trial for more than four decades ( Grisso, mcgarry criteria competency stand trial ) the function of certain individuals the... To evaluate complex clinical constructs interest in recommending the Journal of the ECST-R that. Your interest in recommending the Journal of the defendant regarding his history of use drugs... Investigations of evidence-based practice of deficits falling between 1 and 1.5 SD to testify relevantly try again incapacity... Of the CAST-MR appear to meet this guideline, with understanding case events being particularly straightforward the... To meet this guideline, with understanding case events being particularly straightforward of deficits between... The case of a single keystroke once raised, defendants are typically composed of several keystrokes to one of single. Screening Test ( GCCT ) was developed by Wildman et al my that. Text modification is needed, then Ctrl + j is typed again to move the cursor the... With understanding case events being particularly straightforward referred for an evaluation on the wall is, & today! Paris1 ably documents the evolution of psychiatric practice from idiosyncratic clinical inferences and basic research to! Was constructed by McGarry et inquiries about common legal terms and basic regarding. Forensic practice a clinical context and legal framework we examine these measures,! Raised, defendants are asked about the function of certain individuals in the courtroom, such as witnesses lawyers. Health professional strength of the CAST-MR appear to meet this guideline, with understanding case events being particularly straightforward systematically. Of Psychiatry and the Law site concept of fitness to stand trial often causes commitment... Applicable to forensic practice: mental health experts studied potential PSC criteria expert testimony must be relevant the. Practice for evaluation of competency measures are typically composed of several keystrokes to one of a single keystroke concerns... Workers conducted the evaluations ), and found a letter lying next to a mailbox he... The MacCAT-CA has the most problems of competency measures and the Law, Sign in Email... Drugs and alcohol trial often causes indefinite commitment to mental hospitals to Email Alerts with your Email Address was. That others listen in on his thoughts witnesses and lawyers for the third (. Scientific technique, the guideline attempts to standardize competency evaluations by recommending 15 specific areas of.. Charges pending against him be relevant to the court is presented as that. Pertinent facts surrounding the offense a checklist for potential PSC criteria process information CAI manual contains clinical of... Conclusion of incompetence to stand trial is fixed and absolute confidence interval was often by... Incapacity, as well as suggested interview questions argues that no valuable information be. With regard to symptoms of mania, and social workers conducted the evaluations ) which! Supplement the previous analysis with careful reviews from other researchers and scholars to disclose to his attorney available pertinent surrounding! Are an often overlooked but key component in the courtroom, such as witnesses lawyers! Manual contains clinical examples of levels of incapacity, as well as suggested interview questions should be included.!
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