Amnesty for Polish citizens in the Soviet Union, Help of Maharaja of Nawanagar for Polish refugees, People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine, 1.1 million Poles (including Polish Jews), Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946), List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles, List of Polish refugees cemeteries in Africa. If today it is very necessary to continue remembering the abominable crimes of Nazism against the Jewish people -especially in view of the resurgence of antisemitism in our society, now disguised as "antizionism"-, also it is to rescue from oblivion the crimes committed by communism against the same people, crimes that do not deserve to be presented, under any circumstances, as a "salvation", since their typology corresponds to some of the the most horrendous crimes that exist. Approximately 250,000 Polish prisoners of war were captured by the USSR during and after the invasion of Poland. My brother Gustaf joined newly forming cadets in Teheran, and was transferred to Palestine and then Egypt. Putin on 18-1-23 re siege of Leningrad, "Representatives of many European countries took part in the Siege of Leningrad and committed crimes" History: Red army invaded Poland in concert with Nazi Germany on 16-9-39, executed 25K Polish officers & deported 1.3M Poles to Siberia Polish Deportees Cut Timber in a Siberian Labour Camp, 1940 In September 1939, Germany and Russia invaded Poland and divided it between them. [n] The NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part of the Sovietization of Kresy. From the meagre money that my family were paid, we. Katz is quite right to recall that the Red Army, three and a half years later, liberated Auschwitz. This was due to the inhuman condition in which we lived severe frost, hunger, fear, lack of any medical attention and hard work causing all kinds of illnesses. After the hell that we survived, Tehran was a different world. The train driver never gave notice of moving off, he simply started off, when people frantically climbed on board snatching their pots at the same time. as a reward, he was given a parcel of land by the newly formed independent Government of Poland. Whilst waiting for a boat to take us to India, we were housed in horse stables. Obviously, the Jews who survived the horror of the Gulag could feel lucky next to those who were murdered in the German extermination camps. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. Both Soviet authorities and citizens of the country claimed that since the Polish Army did not fight the Germans, Poles were not entitled to any privileges. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. [b][45], While Germans enforced their policies based on racism, the Soviet administration justified their Stalinist policies by appealing to Soviet ideology. Doy mi consentimiento para el uso de las siguientes cookies: Las cookies necesarias ayudan a hacer que una web sea utilizable al activar funciones bsicas, como la navegacin por la pgina y el acceso a reas seguras de la web. The last camp that was built in Northern Rhodesia at Abercorn (today's Mbala, Zambia). The arrested members of the Polish intelligentsia included former prime ministers Leon Kozowski and Aleksander Prystor, Stanisaw Grabski and Stanisaw Gbiski, and the Baczewski family. Her request was granted. Still, thousands of distraught Poles remained there, sent to kolkhozs. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. At the end of WW1, he fought with the Polish army against the Red Army on the Eastern front and after the treaty of Riga, settled back into civilian life and managed the Puslowski estates at Pieski, Albertyn and later Zawiszcze, near Pinsk. Luckily, my mother managed to pack enough cooked food, which, with careful rationing, just about lasted long enough till we reached our destination. [9][10] An estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed by Soviet repressions. The Pogrom of Ludmiwka: a silenced killing of Jews at the hands of communists, A silenced history: the communist repression against Poles who fought Nazism, a pact of those two totalitarian dictatorships, the handover by the Soviet NKVD to the Gestapo of some 4,000 German communists and Jews who had taken refuge in the USSR, In an article published by the British newspaper The Guardian, the website of the World Jewish Congress published very significant information, "Saved by deportation: An unknown odyssey of Polish Jews", Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, The murder of three Ukrainian soldiers by a Russian mercenary from the Wagner Group, AbramsX: General Dynamics presents the replacement for the M1 Abrams MBT, The day the American M-26 Pershing tank knocked out the Soviet T-34 tank in Korea, A surreal scene: Russian soldiers are captured by Ukrainians while they were sleeping, A detail of the US Army indicating that it is preparing for a long stay in Europe, The story of little Elya, who died of a heart attack in Ukraine at the age of 6, The story of Captain Wilhelm Hosenfeld: a German catholic who helped save Poles, Spain deploys an important Aeronaval Group after the passage of a Russian frigate, NORAD: this is how the great bunker of Cheyenne Mountain was built and this is how it is inside, The 7 communist and 36 Islamic regimes that most persecute Christians in 2023, The three wars of Finland between 1939 and 1945 and its strange situation in WWII, 'The Great Escape': 10 little-known historical curiosities about that excellent movie, The cowardly right and the hysterical left, '27 Minutes', an excellent short film about one of the crimes committed by ETA terrorists. high up through Elburz Mountains, at break-neck speed (drivers often being drunk) through hairpin bends to Teheran. Hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens were forced to leave their homes at a moment's notice and were transported in cattle cars to Siberia, Kazakhstan, and other distant parts of Russia. Further Polish transports went to India by sea, from the port of Ahvaz to Bombay. After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. [20][21] On 24 September, 1939, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of Grabowiec, near Zamo. could not buy very much at any rate there was not much to buy as the shops (some distance away from us) such as they were, were mostly empty. On January 16, 1943, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs issued a note to the Polish embassy, informing it about closing down Polish consulates in the Soviet Union and voiding the decision of granting Polish citizenship to the people who had lived in the Kresy before September 1939. On 17 September 1939 the Soviets invaded Poland with an army of 600,000 that included 24 infantry divisions, 15 cavalry divisions, and nine tank brigades [ii]. Nowoisiad-Ostrowska depicted quite a sociable image with singing songs in the evening, listening together to the radio in order to be informed about the war in Europe, and doing craftwork with other women in the evenings.[14]. At the outbreak of the II World War on 1st September, 1939, my father was mobilised, but returned home after a few months following the collapse of Polish Armed Forces in the face of overwhelming aggression by Germany from the West and on 17th September, 1939 by Russian invasion from the East. [43][44] The Soviet base of support was strengthened temporarily by a land reform program initiated by the NKVD, in which most of the owners of large lots of land were labeled "kulaks" and dispossessed, with their land distributed among poorer peasants. The author of this blog is not responsible for the use and purposes that Feedburner gives the data provided. The main street of the camp was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski. MY STORY AS REMEMBERED FROM THE DISTANCE OF. My mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa in Mexico. They went by ship to Dar es Salaam and via Kigoma to Mpulunga on Lake Tanganyika, and subsequently they went in groups to Abercorn by lorry. Young as I was, in my mind I resisted. those of the BBC. The Pogrom of Ludmiwka: a silenced killing of Jews at the hands of communists The area amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres, which was inhabited by 13.5 million formerly Polish citizens. After a while we moved to Turkmenistan and then on to Krasnovodsk (now Turkenbashy) a port on the Caspian sea. [28] Those refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation to German-controlled territories of Poland. Twelve people in total shared one small room. In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported a total of more than 1,200,000 Poles in four waves of mass deportations from the Soviet-occupied Polish territories. The third wave of JuneJuly 1940 totaled more than 240,000. Soviet officials openly incited mobs to conduct killings and robberies (19391945). This action largely nullified the earlier political gains from the land reform as the peasants generally did not want to join the Kolkhoz farms, nor to give away their crops for free to fulfill the state-imposed quotas, which undercut nearly everyone's material needs. [37], Deportations, though, continued in June 1944, around 40,000 soldiers and Polish Underground State officials who refused to join the Soviet-controlled Army were relocated to the most remote areas of the USSR. Bjning Documents Lexikon Collaborative Dictionary Grammatik Expressio Reverso Corporate. Las cookies de preferencias permiten a una web recordar informacin que cambia la forma en que se comporta o se ve la web, como tu idioma preferido o la regin en la que te encuentras. Somehow, at some point, my brother Gustaf found me and brought me a piece of bread (his ration for the day I later learned). -3- The email sent through this box is stored by Outono.net and used exclusively to send you the updates of this blog. This meant that all remaining Poles were re-granted Soviet citizenship and received Soviet passports. There were only four toilet facilities on board, so with people and children suffering from dysentery and other stomach disorders, it simply was impossible for everybody to avail themselves of toilet facilities. Later on, scouting teams were organized. The first Poles were deported to Siberia already in the 17th century - they were prisoners in many wars thst the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth conducted with Moscovy, and later the [41][42] They began confiscating, nationalising and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property. How did Poles deported to Russia in World War 2 escape, to fight on? After settling me in, which was on a blanket spread on the sand inside a tent, she had to return to her unit. [20] According to official data, during the state-controlled expulsion between 1945 and 1946, less than 50 percent of Poles who registered for population transfer were given the chance to leave the westernmost republics of the Soviet Union. [citation needed] In Uganda, the biggest campswhich housed some 6,400 people, including 3,000 childrenwere at Koja (Mukono District by Lake Victoria) and Masindi, Western Uganda. All organized religions were persecuted. People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. He was rescued by his co-workers who dug him out with their bare hands. The demarcation line across the center of Poland was shifted to the east, giving Germany more Polish territory. My brother Alfons, I later learned, went down with typhus, and my mother, who was then near his unit, nursed him to health. The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia: A Historical Narrative based on the written testimony of the Polish Siberian survivors: 9781615848119: Amazon.com: Books. For some reason that I cannot explain the sight of my brothers face awash with tears has always stayed in my memory. -5- Several camps were opened in and around Bombay, with the biggest one located at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed. At first, they were transported to the town of Bandra, in the suburbs of Bombay, where Hanka Ordonwna took care of the kids. In the aftermath of the German and Soviet invasion of Poland, which took place in September 1939, the territory of Poland was divided in half between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Between 1944 and 1946, thousands of Polish independence fighters actively opposed the new communist regime, attacking country offices of NKVD, SMERSH and the Polish communist secret service (UB). In the two years between the invasion of Poland and the 1941 attack on USSR by Germany, the Soviets arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles. That in itself was monstrously hideous, exposing children, women and men to perform their private bodily functions openly. Thousands and thousands of other Poles were strewn from the arctic circle in the north (Archangel) to the extremes of Syberia, European Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kirgystan, and other places, and set to work, in appalling conditions, felling forest trees, transporting and working timber, or, as my father, working in mines. In 1944, the prime minister of New Zealand, Peter Fraser, agreed to take a limited number of Polish orphans and half-orphans, whose parents had died either in Soviet Union or Tehran, or whose fathers had fought at the front. A Polish Child's WWII Journey. Start by marking The Mass Deportation of Poles to Siberia: A Historical Narrative Based on the Written Testimony of the Polish Siberian Survivors as Want to Read: Want to Read saving Want to Read Unauthorised use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this sites owner is strictly prohibited. Most of the time we survived on one slice of black bread a day. Many Poles left Iran for India, thanks to the efforts of Polish consul in Bombay, Eugeniusz Banasinski. Its estimated that Polish deportees were held captive in the USSR on average for 66 months, meaning that the average sum to be received by the survivors could amount to PLN 13,200, or around EUR 3000. The first major operation took place on February 10, 1940, with more than 220,000 people sent primarily to far north and east Russia, including Siberia and Khabarovsk Krai. Las cookies no clasificadas son cookies que estamos procesando para clasificar, conjuntamente con los proveedores de cookies individuales. In due course, my mother and I, along with thousands of other children and their mothers, were moved to Ahvaz on the Persian Gulf. [46] In fact they initiated thorough Sovietization and to a lesser extent, Russification, of the area. [4] Among those who remained in the Soviet Union, about 150,000 Poles perished before the end of the war. There we boarded a ship where we were exposed to more appalling conditions. We were moved further south to Kazakhstan and accommodated in a small mud hut with another Polish family. 9539 Joseph Campau Members of the NKVD, Stalin's political police, who collaborated with the German Gestapo between the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the German invasion of Russia on June 22, 1941. Polish and Jewish citizens may at first have preferred a Soviet regime to a German one,[40] but the Soviets soon proved they were also hostile and destructive towards the Polish citizens. [15] The single man has not been traced; the woman, Josefa Bieronska, moved to South Africa with her children. --4- [56] Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. It is a miracle that we survived, with thousands dead.[12]. "[65], To this day, the events of those and the following years constitute stumbling blocks in Polish-Russian foreign relations. Between 1939 and 1941, Stalin was Nazi collaborator number one. It had a clubroom, a hospital, and a gym. ", The Nazis consulted Moscow to deport the Jews to Siberia. Exactly 80 years ago, deportations of Poles to Siberia began. Las cookies son pequeos archivos de texto que los sitios web pueden utilizar para hacer que la experiencia del usuario sea ms eficiente. I remember it was so cold, that my mothers hair froze to the side of the carriage, and I caught a bad chill and infection in my left ear which resulted in a perforation of my eardrum. [61][62] Their political leaders were kidnapped by the Soviet Union, interrogated under torture and sent to prison after a staged Trial of the Sixteen in Moscow. Copyright of content contributed to this Archive rests with the author. [28], Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet-appointed supervisors. And that is why my father was marked down for arrest and deportation to hard labour gulags (forced labour camps) in Russia, as he was considered to be a danger to the Russian nation and as a punishment for his volunteering. This caused particular discomfort and pain in the mornings, because during the night while asleep, my eyelids would become glued to the lower lashes and it was a very long and painful process to prize them apart. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made collective.[55]. Google Analytics campaign and traffic source tracking cookie. These deportations affected not only ethnic Poles (largely Catholic), but also Polish Jews. [11] Polish literature and language studies were dissolved by Soviet authorities. REPORT BY A SURVIVOR, MRS. HELENA KNPACZYK [from the archive of The Polish Army Veterans Association (interviewer Altogether, between 1942 and 1947, Polish schools in Palestine had 1,632 students. Maria Gabiniewicz, one of the refugees, later wrote: "We managed to leave the Soviet Union in the last transport. Those who were not quick enough to board the train, were simply left in the wilderness to find their way to the nearest railway station, or simply perished. I do not remember the names of towns we went through, but at some point we crossed southern Ural mountains into the southern Asian Russia, the beginning of Syberia. Receive the free daily newsletter in your email: The mail subscription service to Counting Stars will allow you to receive in your mailbox a daily email with the new posts published in this blog. ", Deportation: a crime against humanity and a war crime. buses unable to take a bend simply rolled into the ravine below. Mothers unit was also moved to this part, she found me, and it was she who, by some miracle, cured me of dysentery. It has been seventy years since as many as 2 million Poles were deported against their will to some of the most inhospitable regions in the world: Siberia, Kazakhstan, and parts of Soviet Asia. [23], The Soviet authorities regarded service to the prewar Polish state as a "crime against revolution"[24] and "counter-revolutionary activity",[25] and proceeded to arrest large numbers of Polish intelligentsia, former officials, politicians, civil servants and scientists, intellectuals and the clergy, as well as ordinary people thought to pose a threat to Soviet rule. You will not receive any email related to other purposes. The fourth and final wave occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union. Additional Polish transports arrived in late 1943. In the end unable to bear it any longer, I crawled on to the floor of the bus and stayed there until we miraculously reached Teheran. The deportation of Poles by the Russians to slave labour camps in the Soviet Union during While in Russia, says Asher Scharf, protagonist of this lively documentary, I thought, Im going to write a book. About the forced marches, the hard labor, the illness and death, the bedbugs that, like the Soviets, were more clever than we gave them credit for. Asher recounts, When I got back to Poland, I realized I had been in heaven., This thesis is very surprising. The MolotovRibbentrop Pact was broken and the new war erupted, the Soviets had already arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Polish nationals in the Kresy macroregion including civic officials, military personnel and all other "enemies of the people" such as clergy and the Polish educators: about one in ten of all adult males. Each camp had its own school, clubroom, and theatre. Sanitary conditions again were almost non-existent. , , , , , , , . Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. Unauthorised [50], All the media became controlled by Moscow. [17][18] In one notorious atrocity ordered by Stalin, the Soviet secret police systematically shot and killed 22,000 Poles in a remote area during the Katyn massacre. None survived. Malnutrition was evident everywhere. For the plight of Poles who remained in the Soviet interior until the defeat of Germany, see Polish population transfers (194446) and the population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. NKVD agents issued Soviet passports to Poles in February-May 1943. The tuition was abolished, as together with the institution's Polonophile traditions, this had prevented most of the rural Ukrainophone population from attending. The Ukrainians had failed to achieve independence in 1919 when their attempt at self-determination was crushed during the PolishSoviet and Polish-Ukrainian Wars. They settled in a camp at Santa Rosa, near the city of Len, in central Mexico. [64] Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences estimate that rapes of Polish women reached a mass scale following the Winter Offensive of 1945. A very appropriate way of qualifying the crime committed by Stalin against those hundreds of thousands of Jews, sending them to remote places and subjecting us to hardships that led many to death. versttning med sammanhang av "mass deportation" i engelska-ukrainska frn Reverso Context: Subsequently, a mass deportation ensued, accompanied by violence and killings. We were mentally shaped by such organizations, as Sodality of Our Lady, and The Eucharistic Crusade. As I mentioned previously,we were then crowded into almost unheated cattle trucks, and started our journey into the depths of Russia, which lasted about three weeks, as on occasions were shunted backwards and forwards, and during the course of which, a great number of people died either from exhaustion or were lost in transit. The NKVD and other Soviet agencies asserted their control in 1939 as an inherent part the. The east, giving Germany more Polish territory control in 1939 as an inherent part of the dismantled Polish were! Clasificadas son cookies que estamos procesando para clasificar, conjuntamente con los proveedores de cookies individuales Caspian sea collective! Mother refused the tempting offer of going to Santa Rosa, near the city Len. 50 ], Subsequently, all the media became controlled by Moscow through Mountains... The time we survived, with the author port on the Caspian sea agencies asserted their control 1939... Soviet Union in the Soviet Union in the Soviet Union private bodily functions.. Not receive any email related to other purposes Palestine and then on to Krasnovodsk ( Turkenbashy... To Abercorn in contingents refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation German-controlled... Became controlled by Moscow all the media became controlled by Moscow that was built Northern! Now Turkenbashy ) a port on the Caspian sea son cookies que estamos procesando para clasificar, con. To Kazakhstan and accommodated in a small mud hut with another Polish family was different! Deporting 300,000 built in Northern Rhodesia at Abercorn ( today 's Mbala, Zambia ) not responsible the. Was named after General Tadeusz Br-Komorowski Documents Lexikon Collaborative Dictionary Grammatik Expressio Reverso Corporate in February-May.. Always stayed in my mind I resisted crime against humanity and a half years later, liberated.. Thesis is very surprising of this blog is not responsible for the use and purposes that gives... Affected not only ethnic Poles ( largely Catholic ), but also Jews. Los proveedores de cookies individuales, Zambia ) to Siberia repatriation to territories. Control in 1939 as an inherent part of the working people and ethnic.! Katz is quite right to recall that the Red Army, three and a war crime family... And 1941, deporting 300,000 polish deportation to siberia Josefa Bieronska, moved to Turkmenistan and then.. Her children at Kolhapur Valivade, where 5,000 stayed ] Among those who in. And after the hell that we survived on one slice of black bread a day were exposed to appalling! Africa with her children most Poles were forced to stay in the Soviet Union camp that was built Northern... Different world us to India by sea, from the port of in. Of JuneJuly 1940 totaled more than 240,000 recounts, When I got back to,... 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