This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). About 0.7% of the country is covered with natural water bodies or lakes (MoWR (Ministry of Water Resources), 2002) which is around 744, 400ha (IUCN (international union for conservation of nature), 2010), and the amount of water it holds is estimated to be 70 billion cubic meters. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). It is located in the Horn of Africa, bordering six (6) countries: Djibouti and Somalia to the East, Eritrea to the North and Northeast, Kenya to the South and Sudan and South Sudan to the West. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. Agricultural Production System in Ethiopia Agricultural production is dominated by smallholder households which produce more than 90% of agricultural . Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. Abstract. In 2019, Ethiopias major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. In 2019, Ethiopia's major goods exports included coffee (28.7%), cut flowers (14.1%), oil seeds (11.5%), chat (10.9%), pulses (7.9%), gold (6.6%), leather and leather products (2.4%). Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. The rate of deforestation has been increasing year after year with an . Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Figure 1. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. The other options will be organized into micro- or macro-associations into the different assignment that will be based on market-oriented, supported the landless householders through the provision of credit facilities to improve their income, consumption levels to reduce food insecurity regardless of their gender, race and academic status in every rural farmer association is suggested in the future. 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Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? Besides, soil and water pollution, poor waste management, climate change, and decreases in the natural ability of the land to recover economic activities are also the contributing factors to soil degradation (Lanfredietal., 2015; Bai et al., 2008) that leads to the loss or reduction of the biological productivity of land (UNCCD, 2019). Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. For instance, foreign investment in Ethiopia . Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . Melese (2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Table 11. Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agriculture. Therefore, there is a need for increased attention to adapt and mitigate mechanisms. What is Ethiopia weakness? It is the water towers of East Africa that can be used for irrigation agriculture and more importantly hydroelectric power for East African countries in an attempt to address the problem related to global warming. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Number of landholders by land size (ha)-2014/2015 in Ethiopia by its national regional states. The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. This is due to a lack of financial resources or the skills to invest, utilize, and confidence they have in the adopting of new practices, particularly the older women are disadvantaged because of gender divisions in agricultural production (ATA, 2014). What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? Globally, population growth is slowing in the rest continents except Africa and Asia (FAO, 2017). Migration may affect the policies, jobs, and lifestyles of the receiving countries that may lead to the competition of the limited resources and worst to xenophobia as observed in South Africa. In Ethiopia, more than 40% of the population is below the age of 15 (CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook, 2019; https://www.indexmundi.com). It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, 2013). Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. What are the two types of dynamic programming? FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. Economic migrations, political unrest and terrorism are rooted in poverty. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Question. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. We use cookies to improve your website experience. In the coming 15years, the number of older persons is estimated to grow faster in Latin America and The Caribbean, with a projected 71% increase in the population aged 65 and above, followed by Asia (66%), Africa (64%), Oceania (47%), North America (41%) and Europe (23%) (FAO, 2017). Although important it was, in Ethiopia, academic workers have never been recognized as important developmental issues. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. 1. This report also indicated that much of the temperature increment happened in the dry and hotspots of the country. The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., 2017; Regassa et al., 2010). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. CIA (Central intelligence agency) World Factbook. The Importance Of Agriculture In Ethiopia. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. Nachtergaele et al. 4. Agriculture and Food Security. In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Deforestation impacts agriculture through natural disturbance, including biodiversity loss (Oljirra, 2019; Bishaw, 2009), damaged habitat, aridity, adverse soil erosion, degradation of wasteland, extinction of life, and displacement of populations (Culas, 2006). This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. The countryhas a huge labor force and water resources. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. The country intends to be a middle-income economy by 2025. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. It was the highest in dryland areas of the world regions (FAO, 2014; FAO, 2017). Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands). Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. It does not store any personal data. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . Aragie (2013) reported that Ethiopia has lost a cumulative level of over 13% of its current agricultural output between 1991 and 2008 followed by climate change. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, These older farmers might be discriminated against accessing credit, training, and other income-generating resources (FAO, 2017). The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), 2009). They are helpful in the protection of natural resources and increase production and productivity. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Ethiopia's HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate hovers around 1.1%. The poor farming system such as mono-cropping contributed to soil degradation and nutrient depletion and consequently low yield (Marais et al., 2012). Table 3. It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). This report also indicated that around 2027, India will be ranked first in the world by the population followed by China. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Why poverty? It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., 2014; Taddese, 2001). Milk, egg, meat ), beverages, leather and may be the second biggest top! Also indicated that much of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food major problems of agriculture in ethiopia large biggest! Milk, egg, meat ), beverages, leather and most vulnerable to climate in! Domestication of crops and animals and increase production and productivity open in new... Of Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large 2006 ) regions FAO. 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